3D printing

3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing (AM), refers to various processes used to synthesize a three-dimensional object.^[1] In 3D printing, successive layers of material are formed under computer control to create an object.^[2] These objects can be of almost any shape or geometry and are produced from a 3D model or other electronic data source. A 3D printer is a type of industrial robot.

Futurologists such as Jeremy Rifkin^[3] believe that 3D printing signals the beginning of a third industrial revolution,^[4] succeeding the production line assembly that dominated manufacturing starting in the late 19th century. Using the power of the Internet, it may eventually be possible to send a blueprint of any product to any place in the world to be replicated by a 3D printer with "elemental inks" capable of being combined into any material substance of any desired form.

3D printing in the term's original sense refers to processes that sequentially deposit material onto a powder bed with inkjet printer heads. More recently, the meaning of the term has expanded to encompass a wider variety of techniques such as extrusion and sintering-based processes. Technical standards generally use the term additive manufacturing for this broader sense.

Contents

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• 1History
  • 1.1Terminology and methods
• 2General principles
  • 2.1Modeling
  • 2.2Printing
  • 2.3Finishing
• 3Processes
  • 3.1Extrusion deposition
  • 3.2Binding of granular materials
  • 3.3Lamination
  • 3.4Photopolymerization
  • 3.5Powder Fed Directed Energy Deposition
  • 3.6Metal wire processes
  • 3.7Continuous Liquid Interface Production
• 4Printers
  • 4.1Industry use
  • 4.2Consumer use
  • 4.3Large 3D printers
  • 4.4Microscale and nanoscale 3D printing
• 5Manufacturing applications
  • 5.1Cloud-based additive manufacturing
  • 5.2Mass customization
  • 5.3Rapid manufacturing
  • 5.4Rapid prototyping
  • 5.5Research
  • 5.6Food
  • 5.7Medical applications
• 6Industrial applications
  • 6.1Apparel
  • 6.2Vehicle
  • 6.3Construction
  • 6.4Firearms
  • 6.5Medical
    • 6.5.1Medical devices
    • 6.5.2Bio-printing
    • 6.5.3Pills
  • 6.6Computers and robots
  • 6.7Space
• 7Sociocultural applications
  • 7.1Art
  • 7.2Communication
  • 7.3Domestic use
  • 7.4Education and research
  • 7.5Environmental use
  • 7.6Cultural Heritage
  • 7.7Specialty materials
• 8Legal aspects
  • 8.1Intellectual property
  • 8.2Gun legislation and administration
• 9Impact
  • 9.1Social change
• 10See also
• 11References
• 12Further reading
• 13External links

3D Printing: Make anything you want

Catananche

Le genre botanique Catananche, appartenant à la famille des Astéracées (ou Composées), se compose de deux espèces méditerranéennes :

• Catananche caerulea L. (la catananche bleue), la plus répandue, poussant depuis l'Espagne jusqu'à l'Italie.
• Catananche lutea L. (la catananche jaune), rencontrée en Sardaigne, dans le sud de l'Italie et dans l'est du bassin méditerranéen.

Le grec katanánkhê (κατανάγχη), latinisé en catanance, a eu le sens secondaire d'« incantation, sortilège » (c'est, proprement, tout moyen de contrainte et, en particulier, ceux permettant d'obliger à aimer, d'où le sens de philtre). La plante est désignée ainsi par Dioscoride, médecin grec du premier siècle de notre ère. Il semble que Pline ait utilisé le nom pour désigner la plante Ornithopus compressus. Il évoque de toute façon les pouvoirs magiques qu'aurait eus la catananche dans la préparation de philtres d'amour. D'où son autre nom de cupidone, ou encore le fait que les bergers l'aient parfois appelée philtre d'amour.

Comme les autres composées, la catananche présente des fleurs (ou fleurons) regroupées en capitules entourés d'un involucre de bractées. La principale caractéristique du genre est son involucre arrondi formé debractées écailleuses et brillantes. Les feuilles supérieures, très petites, sont semblables aux bractées. Les feuilles inférieures sont très allongées et velues. Les fleurs sont toutes ligulées.

Cardiocrinum

Cardiocrinum is a genus of bulbous plants of the lily family first described as a genus in 1846.^[3] They are native to the Himalaya, China, the Russian Far East, and Japan.^[4][5] The bulbs are usually formed at the soil surface. The preferred habitat is woodland. The plants tend to be monocarpic, dying after flowering.

They are closely related to Lilium and are generally called by the common name giant lilies. They differ from Lilium in some characteristics, most notably in the heart shaped leaves (hence the name, from the Greek kardio for heart, and krinum for lily).

The Himalayan species Cardiocrinum giganteum is the largest of any of the lily plants, growing up to 3.5 metres high.

species^[4]

1. Cardiocrinum cathayanum (E.H.Wilson) Stearn - E + C China
2. Cardiocrinum cordatum (Thunb.) Makino - Japan, Kuril Islands, Sakhalin
3. Cardiocrinum giganteum (Wall.) Makino - Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Tibet, Yunnan, Bhutan, Assam, Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim

Canna (plant)

Canna (or canna lily, although not a true lily) is a genus of 19 species of flowering plants.^[2][3][4] The closest living relations to cannas are the other plant families of the order Zingiberales, that is the Zingiberaceae (gingers),Musaceae (bananas), Marantaceae, Heliconiaceae, Strelitziaceae, etc.^[5]

Canna is the only genus in the family Cannaceae. The APG II system of 2003 also recognizes the family, and assigns it to the order Zingiberales in the clade commelinids, in the monocots.

The species have large, attractive foliage, and horticulturists have turned it into a large-flowered and bright garden plant. In addition, it is one of the world's richest starch sources, and is an agricultural plant.^[5]

Although a plant of the tropics, most cultivars have been developed in temperate climates and are easy to grow in most countries of the world as long as they receive at least 6–8 hours average sunlight during the summer, and are moved to a warm location for the winter. See the Canna cultivar gallery for photographs of Canna cultivars.

The name Canna originates from the Latin word for a cane or reed.^[6]

Contents

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• 1Botany
• 2Distribution
• 3Origins
• 4Uses
• 5Taxonomy
  • 5.1Species
  • 5.2Horticultural varieties (cultivars)
  • 5.3Agricultural varieties
• 6Cultivation
  • 6.1Pests
  • 6.2Disease
• 7Propagation
  • 7.1Sexual propagation
  • 7.2Asexual propagation
• 8See also
• 9References
• 10External links

Campanula

Campanula /kæmˈpæn.juːlə/^[4] is one of several genera in the family Campanulaceae with the common name bellflower. It takes both its common and its scientific name from its bell-shaped flowers—campanula is Latin for "little bell".

The genus includes over 500 species and several subspecies, distributed across the temperate and subtropical regions of the Northern Hemisphere, with the highest diversity in the Mediterranean region east to the Caucasus.^[5]The range also extends into mountains in tropical regions of Asia and Africa.^[3]

The species include annual, biennial and perennial plants, and vary in habit from dwarf arctic and alpine species under 5 cm high, to large temperate grassland and woodland species growing to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) tall.

Contents

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• 1Description
• 2Cultivation and uses
• 3Related genera
• 4Species
  • 4.1Formerly placed here
• 5Chemistry
• 6References
• 7External links

Camassia

Camassia is a genus of plants in the asparagus family native to Canada and the United States. Common names include camas, quamash, Indian hyacinth, camash, and wild hyacinth.

It grows in the wild in great numbers in moist meadows; they are perennial plants with basal linear leaves measuring 8 to 32 inches (20 to 81 cm) in length, which emerge early in the spring. They grow to a height of 12 to 50 inches (30 to 127 cm), with a multi-flowered stem rising above the main plant in summer. The six-petaled flowers vary in color from pale lilac or white to deep purple or blue-violet. Camas can appear to color entire meadows when in flower.

Contents

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• 1Cultivation and uses
  • 1.1Food use
  • 1.2Ornamental use
• 2Taxonomy and species
  • 2.1Synonyms
• 3References
• 4Further reading
• 5External links