Syria
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This article is about the modern state of Syria. For other uses, see Syria (disambiguation).
| Syrian Arab Republic
الجمهورية العربية السورية
al-Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah as-Sūrīyah | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Anthem: "حماة الديار" (Arabic) Humat ad-Diyar Guardians of the Homeland | ||||||
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_-_SYR_-_UNOCHA.svg) | ||||||
| Capital | Damascus 33°30′N 36°18′E | |||||
| Largest city | Aleppo | |||||
| Official languages | Arabic | |||||
| Ethnic groups () | ||||||
| Government | Unitary dominant-party[A] semi-presidential republic[1] | |||||
| • | President | Bashar al-Assad | ||||
| • | Prime Minister | Wael Nader al-Halqi | ||||
| • | Speaker of the People's Council | Mohammad Jihad al-Laham | ||||
| Legislature | People's Council | |||||
| Establishment | ||||||
| • | Proclamation of Arab Kingdom of Syria | 8 March 1920 | ||||
| • | State of Syriaestablished under French Mandate | 1 December 1924 | ||||
| • | Syrian Republicestablished by merger of States of Jabal Druze, Alawites and Syria | 1930 | ||||
| • | Independence (Joint UN / French Mandate ended) | 24 October 1945 | ||||
| • | Last French troops leave | 17 April 1946 | ||||
| • | Secession from the United Arab Republic | 28 September 1961 | ||||
| • | Ba'ath party takes power | 8 March 1963 | ||||
| Area | ||||||
| • | Total | 185,180[2] km2 (89th) 71,479 sq mi | ||||
| • | Water (%) | 1.1 | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| • | July 2014 estimate | 17,064,854 (2014 est.)[3](54th) | ||||
| • | Density | 118.3/km2 (101st) 306.5/sq mi | ||||
| GDP (PPP) | 2010 estimate | |||||
| • | Total | $107.831 billion[4] | ||||
| • | Per capita | $5,040[4] | ||||
| GDP (nominal) | 2010 estimate | |||||
| • | Total | $59.957 billion[4] | ||||
| • | Per capita | $2,802[4] | ||||
| Gini (2014) | 55.8[5] high | |||||
| HDI (2014) |  0.594[6]medium · 134th | |||||
| Currency | Syrian pound (SYP) | |||||
| Time zone | EET (UTC+2) | |||||
| • | Summer (DST) | EEST (UTC+3) | ||||
| Drives on the | right | |||||
| Calling code | +963 | |||||
| ISO 3166 code | SY | |||||
| Internet TLD | .sy, سوريا. | |||||
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Syria (
i/ˈsɪ.rɪə/; Arabic: سوريا or سورية, Sūriyā or Sūrīyah), officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in Western Asia. De jure Syrian territory borders Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkeyto the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest, but the government's control now extends to approximately 30–40% of the de jure state area and less than 60% of the population.[7]
i/ˈsɪ.rɪə/; Arabic: سوريا or سورية, Sūriyā or Sūrīyah), officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in Western Asia. De jure Syrian territory borders Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkeyto the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest, but the government's control now extends to approximately 30–40% of the de jure state area and less than 60% of the population.[7]
A country of fertile plains, high mountains, and deserts, Syria is home to diverse ethnic and religious groups, including Syrian Arabs, Greeks, Armenians, Assyrians, Kurds, Circassians,[8] Mandeans[9] and Turks. Religious groups include Sunnis, Christians, Alawites, Druze, Mandeans, Shiites, Salafis, and Yazidis. Sunni Arabs make up the largest population group in Syria.
In English, the name "Syria" was formerly synonymous with the Levant (known in Arabic as al-Sham), while the modern state encompasses the sites of several ancient kingdoms and empires, including the Eblancivilization of the 3rd millennium BC. Its capital Damascus is among the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world.[10] In the Islamic era, Damascus was the seat of the Umayyad Caliphate and a provincial capital of the Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt.
The modern Syrian state was established after the end of centuries of Ottoman control in World War I as a French mandate, and represented the largest Arab state to emerge from the formerly Ottoman-ruled Arab Levant. It gained independence as a parliamentary republic on 24 October 1945 when Syria became a founding member of the United Nations, an act which legally ended the former French Mandate – although French troops did not leave the country until April 1946. The post-independence period was tumultuous, and a large number of military coups and coup attempts shook the country in the period 1949–71. In 1958, Syria entered a brief union with Egypt called the United Arab Republic, which was terminated by the 1961 Syrian coup d'état. The Arab Republic of Syria came into being in late 1961 after December 1 constitutional referendum, and was increasingly unstable until the Ba'athist coup d'état, since which the Ba'ath Party has maintained its power. Syria was under Emergency Law from 1963 to 2011, effectively suspending most constitutional protections for citizens, and its system of government is considered to be non-democratic by American NGO Freedom House.[11] Bashar al-Assad has been president since 2000 and was preceded by his father Hafez al-Assad, who was in office from 1970 to 2000.[12]
Syria is a member of one international organization other than the United Nations, the Non-Aligned Movement; it is currently suspended from the Arab League[13] and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation,[14] and self-suspended from the Union for the Mediterranean.[15] Since March 2011, Syria has been embroiled in an uprising against Assad and the Ba'athist government as part of the Arab Spring, a crackdown that contributed to the Syrian Civil War and to Syria's becoming one of the most violent countries in the world.[16] The Syrian Interim Government was formed by the opposition umbrella group, the Syrian National Coalition, in March 2013. Representatives of this alternative government were subsequently invited to take up Syria's seat at the Arab League.[17]
Contents
[hide]- 1Etymology
- 2History
- 3Geography
- 4Politics and government
- 5Economy
- 6Demographics
- 7Culture
- 8Education
- 9Health
- 10See also
- 11References
- 12Further reading
- 13External links
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