Poland
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"Polska" redirects here. For the dance, see Polska (dance).
For other uses, see Poland (disambiguation).
"Rzeczpospolita Polska" redirects here. For other uses, see Rzeczpospolita Polska (disambiguation).
| Republic of Poland
Rzeczpospolita Polska[a]
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Anthem: Poland Is Not Yet Lost | ||||||
![Location of Poland (dark green)– in Europe (green & dark grey)– in the European Union (green) – [Legend]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EU-Poland.svg)
Location of Poland (dark green)
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| Capital and largest city | Warsaw 52°13′N 21°02′E | |||||
| Official languages | Polish[1] | |||||
| Regional languages | Kashubian[2] | |||||
| Minority languages | Belarusian, Czech,Lithuanian, German,Slovak, Russian,Ukrainian, Yiddish[2] | |||||
| Ethnic groups(2011[3]) | ||||||
| Demonym | ||||||
| Government | Parliamentary republic | |||||
| • | President | Andrzej Duda | ||||
| • | Prime Minister | Beata Szydło | ||||
| Legislature | National Assembly | |||||
| • | Upper house | Senate | ||||
| • | Lower house | Sejm | ||||
| Formation | ||||||
| • | Christianization[b] | 14 April 966 | ||||
| • | Kingdom of Poland | 18 April 1025 | ||||
| • | Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth | 1 July 1569 | ||||
| • | Partition of Poland | 24 October 1795 | ||||
| • | Duchy of Warsaw | 22 July 1807 | ||||
| • | Congress Poland | 9 June 1815 | ||||
| • | Reconstitution of Poland | 11 November 1918 | ||||
| • | Invasion of Poland, World War II | 1 September 1939 | ||||
| • | Communist Poland | 8 April 1945 | ||||
| • | Republic of Poland | 13 September 1989 | ||||
| • | Joined theEuropean Union | 1 May 2004 | ||||
| Area | ||||||
| • | Total | 312,679 km2[a] (69th) 120,696.41 sq mi | ||||
| • | Water (%) | 3.07 | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| • | 30 June 2014 estimate | 38,483,957 [4] (34th) | ||||
| • | 2011 census | 38,511,824[5] (34th) | ||||
| • | Density | 123/km2 (83rd) 319.9/sq mi | ||||
| GDP (PPP) | 2016 estimate | |||||
| • | Total | $1.051 trillion[6] (21st) | ||||
| • | Per capita | $27,654 (45th) | ||||
| GDP (nominal) | 2016 estimate | |||||
| • | Total | $508.857 billion[6](23rd) | ||||
| • | Per capita | $13,390 (54th) | ||||
| Gini (2013) |  32.73[7]medium | |||||
| HDI (2014) |  0.843[8]very high · 36th | |||||
| Currency | Złoty (PLN) | |||||
| Time zone | CET (UTC+1) | |||||
| • | Summer (DST) | CEST (UTC+2) | ||||
| Drives on the | right | |||||
| Calling code | +48 | |||||
| ISO 3166 code | PL | |||||
| Internet TLD | .pl | |||||
| a. | ^a The area of Poland, as given by the Central Statistical Office, is 312,679 km2 (120,726 sq mi), of which 311,888 km2 (120,421 sq mi) is land and 791 km2 (305 sq mi) is internal water surface area.[9] | |||||
| b. | ^b The adoption of Christianity in Poland is seen by many Poles, regardless of their religious affiliation or lack thereof, as one of the most significant events in their country's history, as it was used to unify the tribes in the region.[10] | |||||
Poland (Polish: Polska [ˈpɔlska] (
listen)), officially the Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska,[a] 
listen (help·info)), is a country in Central Europe,[11] bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republicand Slovakia to the south; Ukraine and Belarus to the east; and the Baltic Sea, Kaliningrad Oblast (a Russian exclave) and Lithuania to the north. The total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres (120,726 sq mi),[9]making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. With a population of over 38.5 million people,[9] Poland is the 34th most populous country in the world,[12] the 8th most populous country in Europe and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, as well as the most populous post-communist member of the European Union. Poland is a unitary state divided into 16 administrative subdivisions.
listen)), officially the Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska,[a] listen (help·info)), is a country in Central Europe,[11] bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republicand Slovakia to the south; Ukraine and Belarus to the east; and the Baltic Sea, Kaliningrad Oblast (a Russian exclave) and Lithuania to the north. The total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres (120,726 sq mi),[9]making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. With a population of over 38.5 million people,[9] Poland is the 34th most populous country in the world,[12] the 8th most populous country in Europe and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, as well as the most populous post-communist member of the European Union. Poland is a unitary state divided into 16 administrative subdivisions.
The establishment of a Polish state can be traced back to 966, when Mieszko I,[13] ruler of a territory roughly coextensive with that of present-day Poland, converted to Christianity. The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025, and in 1569 it cemented a longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin. This union formed the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, one of the largest and most populous countries of 16th and 17th-century Europe.[14][15] The Commonwealth ceased to exist in the years 1772–1795, when its territory was partitioned among Prussia, the Russian Empire, and Austria. Poland regained its independence (as the Second Polish Republic) at the end of World War I, in 1918.
In September 1939, World War II started with the invasions of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union (as part of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact). More than six million Polish citizens died in the war.[16][17] In 1944, a Soviet-backed Polish Committee of National Liberation was formed and, after a falsified referendum in 1947, it took control of the country and Poland became a satellite state[18] of the Soviet Union, as People's Republic of Poland. During the Revolutions of 1989 Poland's Communist government was overthrown and Poland adopted a new constitution establishing itself as a democracy. Despite the large number of casualties and destruction the country experienced during World War II, Poland managed to preserve much of its cultural wealth. There are 14 heritage sites inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage[19] and 54 Historical Monuments and manyobjects of cultural heritage in Poland.
Since the beginning of the transition to a primarily market-based economy that took place in the early 1990s, Poland has achieved a "very high" ranking on the Human Development Index,[20] as well as gradually improving economic freedom.[21] Poland is a democratic country with an advanced high-income economy,[22] a high quality of life and a very high standard of living.[23][24] Moreover, the country is visited by nearly 16 million tourists every year (2013), which makes it one of the most visited countries in the world.[25] Poland is the sixth largest economy in the European Union and among the fastest rising economic states in the world. The country is the sole member nation of the European Union to have escaped a decline in GDP and in recent years was able to "create probably the most varied GDP growth in its history" according to OANDA, a Canadian-based foreign exchange company.[26] Furthermore, according to the Global Peace Index for 2014, Poland is one of the safest countries in the world to live in.[27]
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