Australia
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This article is about the country. For the continent, see Australia (continent). For other uses, see Australia (disambiguation).
| Commonwealth of Australia | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||
| Anthem: "Advance Australia Fair"[N 1] | ||||||
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| Capital | Canberra 35°18.48′S 149°7.47′E | |||||
| Largest city | Sydney | |||||
| Official languages | None[N 2] | |||||
| National language | English[N 2] | |||||
| Demonym |
| |||||
| Government | Federal parliamentaryconstitutional monarchy | |||||
| • | Monarch | Elizabeth II | ||||
| • | Governor-General | Sir Peter Cosgrove | ||||
| • | Prime Minister | Malcolm Turnbull | ||||
| • | Chief Justice | Robert French | ||||
| Legislature | Parliament | |||||
| • | Upper house | Senate | ||||
| • | Lower house | House of Representatives | ||||
| Independence from the United Kingdom | ||||||
| • | Federation,Constitution | 1 January 1901 | ||||
| • | Statute of Westminster Adoption Act | 9 October 1942 (with effect from 3 September 1939) | ||||
| • | Australia Act | 3 March 1986 | ||||
| Area | ||||||
| • | Total | 7,692,024 km2 (6th) 2,969,907 sq mi | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| • | 2016 estimate | 23,969,900[5] (51st) | ||||
| • | 2011 census | 21,507,717[6] | ||||
| • | Density | 2.8/km2 (236th) 7.3/sq mi | ||||
| GDP (PPP) | 2015 estimate | |||||
| • | Total | $1.137 trillion[7] (19th) | ||||
| • | Per capita | $47,318[7] (17th) | ||||
| GDP (nominal) | 2015 estimate | |||||
| • | Total | $1.241 trillion[7] (12th) | ||||
| • | Per capita | $51,642[7] (9th) | ||||
| Gini (2012) | 33.6[8] medium · 19th | |||||
| HDI (2014) |  0.935[9]very high · 2nd | |||||
| Currency | Australian dollar (AUD) | |||||
| Time zone | various[N 3](UTC+8 to +10.5) | |||||
| • | Summer (DST) | various[N 3] (UTC+8 to +11.5) | ||||
| Date format | dd-mm-yyyy | |||||
| Drives on the | left | |||||
| Calling code | +61 | |||||
| ISO 3166 code | AU | |||||
| Internet TLD | .au | |||||
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Australia (/ɒˈstreɪliə/, /ə-/, colloquially /-jə/),[10][11] officially known as the Commonwealth of Australia,[12] is an Oceanian country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area. Neighbouring countries include Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north; the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east.
For about 50,000 years[13] before the first British settlement in the late 18th century,[14][15] Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians,[16] who spoke languages grouped into roughly 250 language groups.[17][18]After the European discovery of the continent by Dutch explorers in 1606, Australia's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain in 1770 and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Walesfrom 26 January 1788. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades; the continent was explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies were established. On 1 January 1901, the six coloniesfederated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Since federation, Australia has maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchycomprising six states and several territories. The population of 24 million[5] is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated in the eastern states and on the coast.[19]
Australia is a developed country and one of the wealthiest in the world, with the world's 12th-largest economy. In 2014 Australia had the world's fifth-highest per capita income.[20] Australia's military expenditure is theworld's 13th-largest. With the second-highest human development index globally, Australia ranks highly in many international comparisons of national performance, such as quality of life, health, education, economic freedom, and the protection of civil liberties and political rights.[21] Australia is a member of the United Nations, G20, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD), World Trade Organization, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, and the Pacific Islands Forum.
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