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Myanmar
يناير 17, 2016

Myanmar

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Republic of the Union of Myanmar
ပြည်ထောင်စု သမ္မတ မြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်‌
Pyidaunzu Thanmăda Myăma Nainngandaw
FlagCoat of arms
Anthem: 
Location of  Myanmar  (green)in ASEAN  (dark grey)  –  [Legend]
Location of  Myanmar  (green)
in ASEAN  (dark grey)  –  [Legend]
CapitalNaypyidaw
19°45′N 96°6′E
Largest cityYangon (Rangoon)
Official languagesBurmese
Recognised regional languages
Official scriptsBurmese script
Ethnic groups ([1])
ReligionTheravāda Buddhism
DemonymBurmese / Myanma
GovernmentUnitary parliamentary[1]republic
 • PresidentThein Sein
 • Vice-Presidents
LegislatureAssembly of the Union
 • Upper houseHouse of Nationalities
 • Lower houseHouse of Representatives
Formation
 • Pagan Kingdom23 December 849 
 • Taungoo dynasty16 October 1510 
 • Konbaung Dynasty29 February 1752 
 • Independence
(from United Kingdom)		4 January 1948 
 • Coup d'état2 March 1962 
 • New constitution30 March 2011 
Area
 • Total676,578 km2 (40th)
261,227 sq mi
 • Water (%)3.06
Population
 • 2014 census51,486,253[2] (25th)
 • Density76/km2 (125th)
196.8/sq mi
GDP (PPP)2015 estimate
 • Total$269.996 billion[3]
 • Per capita$5,207[3]
GDP (nominal)2015 estimate
 • Total$73.620 billion[3]
 • Per capita$1,419[3]
HDI (2014)Increase 0.536[4]
low · 148th
CurrencyKyat (K) (MMK)
Time zoneMMT (UTC+06:30)
Drives on therightb
Calling code+95
ISO 3166 codeMM
Internet TLD.mm
a.Some governments recognise Yangon (Rangoon) as the
national capital.[1]
b.Road infrastructure is still for driving on the left.
You may need rendering support to display the Burmese script in this article correctly.
Myanmar (myan-mar[5] Listeni/miɑːnˈmɑːr/ mee-ahn-mar,[6] /miˈɛnmɑːr/ mee-en-mar or /maɪˈænmɑːr/ my-an-mar (also with the stress on first syllable); Burmese pronunciation: [mjəmà]),[nb 1][7][8][9][10] officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar and also known as Burma, is a sovereign state in Southeast Asia bordered by Bangladesh, India, China, Laos and Thailand. One-third of Myanmar's total perimeter of 1,930 km (1,200 miles) forms an uninterrupted coastline along the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. The country's 2014 census revealed a much lower population than expected, with 51 million people recorded.[11] Myanmar is 676,578 square kilometres (261,227 sq mi) in size. Its capital city is Naypyidaw and its largest city is Yangon (Rangoon).
Early civilisations in Myanmar included the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Burma and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Burma.[12] In the 9th century, the Bamar people entered the upper Irrawaddyvalley and, following the establishment of the Pagan Kingdom in the 1050s, the Burmese language, culture and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country. The Pagan Kingdom fell due to theMongol invasions and several warring states emerged. In the 16th century, reunified by the Taungoo Dynasty, the country was for a brief period the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia.[13] The early 19th century Konbaung Dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Myanmar and briefly controlled Manipur and Assam as well. The British conquered Myanmar after three Anglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century and the country became a British colony. Myanmar became an independent nation in 1948, initially as a democratic nation and then, following a coup d'état in 1962, a military dictatorship. While the military dictatorship formally ended in 2011, most of the party leaders are former military officers.
For most of its independent years, the country has been engrossed in rampant ethnic strife and Burma's myriad ethnic groups have been involved in one of the world's longest-running ongoing civil wars. During this time, the United Nations and several other organisations have reported consistent and systematic human rights violations in the country.[14][15][16] In 2011, the military junta was officially dissolved following a 2010 general election, and a nominally civilian government was installed. While former military leaders still wield enormous power in the country, Burmese Military have taken steps toward relinquishing control of the government. This, along with the release of Aung San Suu Kyi and political prisoners, has improved the country's human rights record and foreign relations, and has led to the easing of trade and other economic sanctions.[17][18] There is, however, continuing criticism of the government's treatment of the Muslim Rohingya minority and its poor response to the religious clashes.[19][20][21]
Myanmar is a country rich in jade and gems, oil, natural gas and other mineral resources. In 2013, its GDP (nominal) stood at US$56.7 billion and its GDP (PPP) at US$221.5 billion.[3] The income gap in Myanmar is among the widest in the world, as a large proportion of the economy is controlled by supporters of the former military government.[22][23] As of 2013, according to the Human Development Index (HDI), Myanmar had a low level of human development, ranking 150 out of 187 countries.[4]

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